3. The
New York Times, July 23, 1971, p. 1.
4. The
New York Times, May 16, 1971, p. 1.
5.
Newsweek, July 5, 1971, p. 28.
6. Max
Singer, Project Leader, Policy Concerning Drug Abuse in New York State
(Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y.: The Hudson Institute, May 31, 1970) 1:61.
7. J. M.
Scott, The White Poppy (London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1969), pp. 8485,
112.
8. United
Nations, Department of Social Affairs, Bulletin on Narcotics 5, no. 2
(April-June 1953), 3-4, 6.
9. It
appears that modern-day heroin chemists in Southeast Asia may still be imitating
the original Bayer product. Much of the heroin shipped to Asia in the early
decades of the twentieth century bore the Lion and Globe trademark of the Bayer
company. The Double U-0 Globe brand label so popular today in Laos bears a
striking resemblance to the original Bayer label.
10. This
Bayer advertisement originally appeared in a 1900 edition of Medical Mirror,
an American medical journal.
11. United
Nations, Department of Social Affairs, Bulletin on Narcotics, pp. 3-4, 6.
12. Ibid.,
p. 19.
13. U.S.
Congress, Senate Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and
Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 88th Cong., Ist and 2nd sess., 1964, pt. 4, p.
771.
14. United
Nations, Department of Social Affairs, Bulletin on Narcotics, p. 7.
16. Ibid.,
pp. 11-12.
17. Ibid.,
p. 10.
18. Ibid.,
p. 8; U.S. Treasury Department, Bureau of Narcotics, "History of Narcotic
Addiction in the United States," in Senate Committee on Government Operations,
Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Nar. cotics, 88th Cong., Ist and
2nd sess., 1964, pt. 3, p. 771.
19. U.S.
Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, "The World Opium Situation," October
1970, p. 10.
20. Ibid.
21. In
1969 Iran resumed legal pharmaceutical production of opium after thirteen years
of prohibition. It is not yet known how much of Iran's legitimate production is
being diverted to illicit channels. However, her strict narcotics laws
(execution by firing squad for convicted traffickers) have discouraged the
illicit opium traffic and prevented any of Iran's production from entering the
international market. (John Hughes, The Junk Merchants [Boston: The
Christian Science Publishing Company, 19711 pp. 17-20; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Foreign Relations, International Aspects of the Narcotics
Problem, 92nd Cong., I st sess., 197 1, p. 74.)
22.
Report of the United Nations Survey Team on the Economic and Social Needs of
the Opium Producing Areas in Thailand (Bangkok: Government Printing Office,
1967), pp. 59, 64, 68; The New York Times, September 17, 1968, p. 45;
ibid., June 6, 1971, p. 2.
Estimates
for illicit opium production made by the U.N. and the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics
vary widely and fluctuate from year to year as conditions in the opiumproducing
nations change and statistical data improve. In general, U.S. Bureau of
Narcotics estimates have tended to underestimate the scope of illicit production
in Southeast Asia, while the U.N. has tended to minimize production in South
Asia, The statistics used above are compiled from both U.N. and U.S. Bureau of
Narcotics figures in an attempt to correct both imbalances. However, even if we
accept the Bureau's maximum figures for 1968 and 1971, the differences are not
that substantial: India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan (South Asia) have a combined
illicit production of 525 tons, or 29 percent of the world's total illicit
supply; Burma (1,000 tons), Thailand (150 tons), and Laos (35 tons) have a
combined production of 1,185 tons, or roughly 66 percent of the world's illicit
supply; and Turkey accounts for 100 illicit tons, or about 5 percent of the
world supply. (U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, "The World Opium
Situation," p. 10; U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Foreign
Assistance and Related Programs Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1972, 92nd
Cong., Ist sess., 1971, pp. 578-584.
23. Alvin
Moscow, Merchants of Heroin (New York: The Dial Press, 1968), pp. 6163.
24. "The
Illicit Manufacture of Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride (No. 4 Grade)," Paper of a
Hong Kong government chemist, n.d., pp. 1-5.
25.
Singer, Policy Concerning Drug Abuse in New York State, pp. 46-49.